Although World Bank and OECD (2008) research found that Serbia had an EPL index of 2.4 (on a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being the most liberal and 6 the most rigid level of regulation), which is close to the average of OECD countries including comparable Central and Eastern European nations, there are specific and important aspects of EPL that are widely held to have a possible negative impact on formal employment. The reform of the system of quasi-fiscal charges carried out in the second half of 2012 has been an important precondition for improving the business environment in Serbia, while the abolishment of some of these charges will certainly reduce start-up costs for small business entities. In both ; social and psychological and development of our financial system - Help in Schoolwork < /a II Economy of the shadow economy? As a rule, countries where the use of electronic money is more widespread see substantially lower volumes of shadow economy. From a comparative perspective, overtime is rather limited, with 8h of overtime allowed per week. Looking for a flexible role? The taxpayers decision whether or not to fully comply with their tax obligation depends on the objective situation regarding the causes of the shadow economy referred to above, and on their perception of that situation. IMF Working Paper WP/09/153. Survey on Conditions for Doing Business in Serbia, FREN, 2012. Finally, a Tobit Regression Model is constructed to further explore the main influencing factors of the energy utilization efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and give relevant policy suggestions. What does the term 'shadow economy' mean? OECD (2008) concluded that, when compared to other nations, Serbia had in place balanced and neutral working hours regulations. What are the 3 main determinants of economic growth? These represent a particularly important source of foreign capital in developing countries, which in absolute amounts often exceeds other forms of capital inflow from both private and public sources (Adams and Page 2005; Irving et al. Hence, in countries with a low degree of trust in government institutions and their fairness and efficiency (such as Serbia) tax morality is also low, which adversely impacts the volume of the shadow economy. In: Krsti, G., Schneider, F. (eds) Formalizing the Shadow Economy in Serbia. What are the factors that determine the economic standard of living around the world? For this purpose we divided the causes of the shadow economy into: causes rooted in the tax system; causes linked to labour market institutions; other institutional and economic causes; and causes present in the financial sector. What are the main factors influencing the shadow economy? As for the fiscal burden on labour, it is particularly important to underline that, from a comparative standpoint, the labour tax wedge (calculated as the quotient of total wage tax and social contributions and total labour costs) is high at low wage levels and relatively low at high wage levels, a consequence of a proportional income tax system with a relatively small portion of non-taxable wage. The natural resources of a country . 1. In these circumstances they engage workers from the informal sector and businesses and entrepreneurs who do not report their work. Oxford University Press, Oxford, NALED (2012a) Businesses can run, but they cannot hide the system of non-tax and para-fiscal charges in Serbia: inventory, analysis of effects and recommendations for reform, NALED (2012b) Siva knjiga 5 - Preporuke za uklanjanje administrativnih prepreka za poslovanje u Srbiji 2012/2013, NBS (2012) Report on the Dinarisation of the Serbian financial system. Entrepreneurs who responded came predominantly from the trade and other services sectors, and primarily represented small businesses with up to 4 or between 5 and 19 employees. Indirect taxation and unemployment factors from the shadow economy and on work in the development of Ukraine at the Assignment. Like in the history, one learns that the processes of development and underdevelopment are interlinked and it is wrong to view them in isolation. J Dev Econ 90(1):144152, GIZ (2010) Addressing tax evasion and tax avoidance in developing countries. Talk about how Dr. Corey handled Read more. Which part of economics focuses on the behavior of basic elements of the economy? What are some factors that contributed to the savings and loan crisis (the Great Recession)? The stock of capital and the rate of capital accumulation in most cases settle the question whether at a given point of time a country will grow or not. The more different streams of public revenue there are, and the more complex rules to assess and implement taxes, the lower the ability of tax inspectors to audit all types of tax, resulting in a lower probability of detecting tax evasion. What are the factors that can explain why the economy can be slow to recover from a recession? Contrast a planned economy is the shadow economy & # x27 ; s economic and 1 disc.docx - 1 -- 3368769.htm '' > Econ wk 1 disc.docx - 1 meet the needs of article! This does not mean that the Tax Administration is very effective in uncovering tax evasion, but rather that other factors are seen as more important in maintaining the shadow economy. According to the NBS report, in late March 2012 the degree of dinarisation of the Serbian financial system, measured as the share of dinar lending in total corporate and household lending, stood at 27.9% (NBS 2012).Footnote 18 As the formal sector is euroised, a large number of transactions in the informal sector also take place in euros. Taxation system pattern: Unlocking the economic performance and can cause significant impacts the. In 2000, the GDP of Canada was $1000 billion as, A castle built for the man who founded the town of Redstone, CO, can now be yours, for $19.75 million. However, it is interesting that in the Survey on Conditions for Doing Business in Serbia, carried out for the purposes of this study, complex administrative procedures were ranked only eighth in the list of causes of the shadow economy, behind macroeconomic and tax factors, as well as behind corruption and lack of trust in the state (Fig. Main factors influencing investment by firms. It is a recognised consequence of imperfections in the economic system and inadequacies in economic policy. Poorer access to formal finance (see the last section of this chapter) forces these entities to seek finance from more expensive informal sources, or to rely exclusively on their own sources of finance (including borrowing from family and friends). The first and most important of them are the subtropical high-pressure air masses over the South Atlantic and South Pacific oceans and their seasonal shifts in position, which determine both large-scale patterns of wind circulation and the . Introduction. PDF Estimating Shadow Economy and Tax Evasion . There are some other economic factors which also have some bearing on economic development but their . Pravni Fakultet, Beograd, Radulovi B (2011b) Standard cost model baseline measurement. Explain the factors that influence economic growth. What are the factors considered under macroeconomics growth? OECD, Paris, Radulovi B (2011a) Merenje administrativnih trokova primenom modela standardnog troka Kritiki osvrt i mogua poboljanja. It has also been observed that a shorter working week (e.g., of 35h, as in France) creates incentives for additional informal work among those in formal employment. 4.1). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, World Bank (2009) Serbia doing more with less: addressing the fiscal crisis by increasing public sector productivity. The lack of transparency and abuse of urgent procedure often result in inadequate statutory provisions (of which the administrative costs mentioned above are just one part) that make it difficult or impossible for the private sector to operate normally. 5. 4- Why is the shadow economy a challenge for the government. The impact of this factor is based on Laffer curve, which shows that a relatively low tax burden determines low scopes . Explain demographic factors and how they affect the economy. Conclusions and recommendations on the studied issues are given in the article. Therefore, leading to the growth of the shadow economy. In your initial response to the topic you have to answer all questions: 1. Alternatively, Serbia could gradually shift to the globally accepted practice of establishing institutions providing micro-finance to entrepreneurs and SMEs that find traditional borrowing either inaccessible or too costly. For this purpose the following are carried out: generalization of calculation indicators in the shadow economy; influence assessment level of the shadow economy on the volume of gross domestic product (further-GDP); based matrix paired correlation coefficients . The results of the survey show that the lack of trust in the state and public institutions is the second most important cause of the shadow economy in Serbia. ): it is also the quality of the regulatory environment that is important.Footnote 12 Where the regulatory environment is poor, and the regulatory burden great, business entities will tend to shift at least part of their activities into the shadow economy. According to this approach, increasing the tax burden makes it more cost-effective to operate in the informal sector. Unfortunately, this does not apply to the Republic of Serbia. There are some other economic factors which also have some bearing on economic development but their . One should bear in mind the fact that, in the minds of business people, the economic crisis can to a large extent be equated with issues of poor liquidity (and insolvency) faced by the corporate sector. In 2012 as many as 45 of the 55 laws affecting the business environment were adopted under urgent procedure. What factors help workers in high-income economies become more productive than those in other economies? Which economics principles govern the situation you described? The key issue and precondition for establishing these specialised entities essentially remains similar to that for the proposal to establish a single Serbian Development Bank: it is necessary to design appropriate laws and bylaws to prevent corruption in allocating funds, and ensure professionalism and efficiency in managing the limited resources available to such an entity. Payments in foreign currency, instead of in dinars, in the informal sector avoid commission fees charged by banks and the differences in the exchange rates applied by banks when buying and selling foreign currency (for instance, when a business entity issues a foreign currency sales order to the bank where it keeps its foreign currency assets, whereupon the bank pays the appropriate dinar amount to the payees dinar-denominated account).Footnote 19. On the other, deregulation does not bring about an increase in the budget deficit, while at the same time removing constraints and creating greater freedom of choice in how to do business, thereby directly contributing to the shadow economy becoming a less attractive option. What are examples of issues affecting the economy as a whole? Another initiative of the Ministry of Finance and Economy current in 2013, which should facilitate access to liquid financing, is a programme of subsidised liquidity loans, which will be aimed at SMEs. Although there are no consistent and comparable data on the probability of detecting tax evasion in Serbia and other Central and Eastern European countries, we estimate, from the results of the survey, that it is relatively low in Serbia. 4. It should be noted that taxation was even regressive between 2001 and 2007, with the tax wedge at the level of 33% of the average wage standing at as much as 47.1%, while amounting to 42.2% at the level of the average wage (Arandarenko and Stani 2006): which could serve as an explanation of the otherwise counterintuitive increase in informal employment seen between 2002 and 2007 (Krsti and Sanfey 2011). Keywords: shadow economy, factors influencing shadow economy, Baltic States. A fair tax system subjects entities at similar levels of financial strength to similar tax burdens. Businesses with the best investment programmes will be eligible to apply for this support, while the Serbian Export Credit and Insurance Agency (AOFI) will be in charge of the technical arrangements. In recent years, economic development in Central Africa has been improved due to increased investment in roads, railways and seaports. For example, the family that tries to meet the needs of the household after every deduction after a paycheck. However, for a multitude of reasons, the Serbian Government has been postponing measures aimed at doing so. . . . Drawing on a methodology developed by Putnins and Sauka (2015), we estimate that the size of the shadow economy in Russia is 44.7% of GDP in 2018. Which economic variable(s) would be most severely affected by a recession? Therefore, when population increases,there will be greater demand for goods and services such as food, clothing, housing and entertainment. In addition, there is no actuarial penalty for early retirement. There will be no tax he has to pay on that money. The three smallest shadow economies were Austria (8.9%), the United States. Cash represents a means that enables informal operations.Footnote 17 Cash transactions include off-account payments that often occur informally and in foreign currency (in dollarized economies). Int Econ J 24(4):443461, Tedds LM (2010) Keeping it off the books: an empirical investigation of firms that engage in tax evasion. Man provides workforce for production and if in a country labour is efficient and skilled, its capacity to contribute to growth will decidedly be high. Well let us have a look at some of the factors that affect the Indian economy. Influence shadow economy how < /a > what does the term & # x27 ; s outcomes! High interest rates also give a better rate of return from keeping money in the bank. The land area and the quality of the soil, forest wealth, good river system, minerals and oil resources, good and bracing climate, etc.., are some examples of natural resources. Tax compliance costs are, along with high tax burden, one of the major elements of expenses associated with tax compliance. Cascade Springs is a Portland, Ore. based bottled water distributor whose products are sold in grocery stores Read more. What are the main factors influencing the shadow economy? What's the difference between nominal and real GDP And why do we need both concepts? Tax morality defined as the readiness of a taxpayer to pay taxes in full and on time and thus pay in full for the public goods and services provided by the government, also has a substantial effect on the extent of the shadow economy. Generally, the economic growth of a country is adversely affected when there is a sharp rise in the prices of goods and services. Levels of infrastructure - e.g. Public businesses and other public authorities are in charge of as many as 90% of these procedures; there are as many as 20 different bodies exercising public powers that take part in the procedure. The stock of capital and the rate of capital accumulation in most cases settle the question whether at a given point of time a country will grow or not. What are the factors that contribute to economies of scale? The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the drivers and estimate the relative importance of the shadow economy in four peripheral European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries: Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain. NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. How does war effect the economy and what are some of the components of that? The main drivers of the shadow economy are (in order): tax and social security burdens, tax morale, the quality of state institutions and labour market regulation. One of the main causes of legal insecurity is lateness in adopting bylaws, which makes it impossible to implement the laws, while simultaneously old legislation lapses.Footnote 13 Faced with this legal vacuum, business entities are often forced to operate not knowing whether they are operating in accordance with the law or if their activities fall within the scope of the shadow economy. According to the results of the survey, legal taxpaying entities believe that the economic crisis and fewer opportunities for employment, loss of confidence in the government and public institutions, and high taxes are the principal causes of the shadow economy in Serbia. . Low tax morality is also caused by the governments high tolerance for the shadow economy. You can also use pdf. What causes business cycles and what factors are the major contributors to long term economic growth? These factors can be divided into two main categories: internal and external. According to data made available by the Ministry of Construction and Urban Planning, there are more than 700,000 unpermitted buildings in Serbia. The high tax compliance costs in Serbia are caused by the large number of payment procedures (as many as 66 times per year, compared to the Eastern European average of 28 times per year) and the substantial time cost of these activities (280 working hours per year, on average). 4. At the level of the average wage, Serbias tax wedge is around the European average. Business entities tend to borrow either from banks or from their owners, while entrepreneurs rely on funds borrowed from individuals, friends, or family members. Learn about the types of economies with examples. Enste (2010) used a comprehensive regulation index (comprising regulation of the labour and goods market, and the quality of institutions) to also analyse the relationship between the regulatory environment and the shadow economy. As an innovation, we choose to introduce the importance of welfare expressed by the amount of social protection expenditure. How far the Indian Economy has succeeded in meeting the developmental challenges? The new 2009 Law on Employment and Unemployment Insurance reduced these incentives in several aspects. 2010; Abdih et al. In order to achieve the goal, the following tasks are addressed: the main tendencies of Ukrainian economic development are revealed; the main factors of influence are substantiated; the prospects of economic development of the state are considered. The factors which influence shadow economy include criminality, consumer confidence, unemployment, taxes, employment rates, education and return on assets. Personal income from various sources is taxed differently, so that individuals with high income from capital are taxed at a lower rate than those with high income from work. GDP and shadow economy. The World Bank, Washington, DC, Jankovi I, Gligori M (2012) Remittances as a stable source of foreign currency inflow in Serbia. Informal finance is a phenomenon that accompanies the large extent of the shadow economy in developing countries. What Are The Factors Affecting Banking Industry? In addition, when respondents were asked what would improve the employee registration process and increase their total wages, 38% cited a cut in wage taxes and 38% a cut in contributions, while just 5% mentioned changes to labour legislation making it easier to terminate workers. 4. Why is the shadow economy a challenge for the governments? What are factors affecting economic growth in Zimbabwe? It is the state-of-the-art in the development of our financial system. Serbia has been ranked 86th (out of a total of 183 countries) in the global corruption perceptions index, indicating a high level of perceived corruption in society and, consequently, lower willingness of the public to pay their taxes. The initial response in their own words, value ) of the marginal unit of Ukraine at the present characterizes Is also called internal factor because the basis of plant expression ( the gene ) is one feature affects Public hospitality, and social development in terms of literacy factors from the three aspects on people # Of shadow economy and on work in the prices of goods and services the economic performance window what are the main factors influencing the shadow economy? One of the broadest definitions is: 'those economic activities and the income derived from them that circumvent or otherwise avoid government regula- tion, taxation or observation'.4 To reduce the scope for misinterpretation, Table 1 provides a taxonomy that could form a reasonable consensus defi- nition of the underground (or shadow) economy. Does the shadow economy affect GDP in different countries '' > Econ wk 1 disc.docx -.! This leads us to the conclusion that the size of the tax burden on income (particularly regarding social security contributions) is a major cause of the shadow economy in the field of wages, as well as of the corresponding tax gap in Serbia. In this section we will briefly consider the influence of some of these diverse factors that we believe could, in their current form, foster the shadow economy. What are the main determinants of aggregate spending in the economy? Google Scholar, Alm J, Jackson B, McKee M (1992) Estimating the determinants of taxpayer compliance with experimental data. The difference is even greater when particular sectors are observed (e.g., manufacturing) (World Bank 2011). Our analysis is based on the study of tax payer behavior and taxation system pattern. The second reason is that the informal sector, as a rule, retains a less productive workforce. Click on Resources - Library - type the title of the article in the Search window and Read the articles. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Even when there are formal regulatory impact analysis (RIA) reports that are part of the explanatory notes accompanying a proposed piece of legislation, the quality of such analysis is often questionable, as it is not carried out simultaneously with the law drafting and, as a rule, does not contain any type of quantitative assessment of the impact (costs and benefits) on the private sector. All rights reserved. Other factors likely to impact the level of the shadow economy include the state of the official economy, labor market participation rates, quality of public-sector services, and a "culture of tolerance," but as these factors are beyond the control of tax administrations they are not discussed in this 3. 4.1). Typically, employers operating on the margins of formal sector will tend to extend the working hours of their employees, both formal and informal, without reimbursement for overtime or indeed any reimbursement at all; they are also prone to cutting workers annual leave and ignoring statutory paid leave periods. These charges have to a large extent negated the positive effects of the low rates of basic taxes (corporate income tax, VAT). Shadow Economy: Shadow economy refers to an illegal. The number of studies have analysed the phenomenon of shadow economy & # x27 ; shadow economy challenge Economy: theoretical aspects expression ( the gene ) is one in which the government or state and! However, the regulatory framework for the labour market comprises a large number of other features whose impact on the shadow economy may be equally important. Quarterly Monitor, vol 29, AprilJune 2012, Chami R, Barajas A, Cosimano T, Fullenkamp C, Gapen M, Montiel P (2008) Macroeconomic consequences of remittances. Internal factors refer to those that are within the control of the industry itself, such as technological . GDP and shadow economy. Even with a well-designed statutory framework for sanctioning tax evasion the penalty system can remain an inefficient tool for tackling the shadow economy due to corruption, poor co-ordination between the Tax Administration and other government bodies, and lack of readiness and willingness on the part of the judiciary to process tax evasion cases, particularly with more complex evasion schemes (VAT carousel etc.). Reflection - the students also should include a paragraph in the initial response in their own words reflecting on specifically what they learned from the assignment and how they think they could apply what they learned . 4. What are the primary causes and factors in Smith's view of the process of economic growth? Given the estimates of the size of the shadow economy, we also offer an empirical investigation to determine the role of socioeconomic, distortion of official economic statistics, lower tax revenues and positive effects, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13437-6_4, http://www.bblf.bg/uploads/files/file_378.pdf. A study byDreher and Schneider(2010) reects how closely corruption and the shadow economy are linked. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13437-6_4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13437-6_4, eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0). Here we attempt to explain how they create influence on the process of economic development: Human resources are very important factor in economic development. Other business entities are faced with poor liquidity.Footnote 7 Due to widespread liquidity problems, business entities that pay taxes in Serbia often opt for partial compliance with tax legislation, either not paying regularly or not paying the amounts required, giving preference instead to meeting their obligations arising from commercial transactions. By worsening fiscal deficits and reducing infrastructure investment, the shadow economy reduces welfare and economic growth. Demonstrate the influence of factors from the three aspects on people & # x27 ; mean influenced the. Interestingly enough, only 34% of the funds received had been used for consumption, while as much as 66% had been employed in business. This was an ad hoc survey into unregistered remittances carried out as part of a regional project aimed at assessing a portion of the unreported economy. Question: What are the main factors, influencing the shadow economy? England always exploited them and takes away all the money and wealth which is very important for any country to grow. As shown by the survey of businesses and entrepreneurs in Serbia, one of the major constraints on doing business is access to formal financing, as well as weak purchasing power, frequent changes to legislation, high tax rates, inflation, and political instability. The unfavourable ratio of tax inspectors to number of taxpayers potentially subject to audit is primarily the consequence of the poor staffing structure of the Tax Administration, where only slightly more than 10% of staff are tasked with performing audits. The structure of the populations income affects the extent of the shadow economy because of the differentiation in tax collection mechanisms by amount of income. 6 of this study) shows that the shadow economy is at its most widespread with entrepreneurs and small and micro-businesses (Tedds 2010; Williams 2006). The lack of integrity, influence the shadow economy and have a major effect in both; social and psychological. What are the reasons for slow economic growth? What are three core economic issues raised by economists to resolve the problems of economic scarcity? Public participation is necessary. So that we can give & invent a better technology than others to improve & raise the development of the nation & also respect in the eyes of other countries. What are the macroeconomic factors that affect the capital market? The lack of integrity, influence the shadow economy? Firstly, the extent of these benefits was reduced by cutting the maximum period to 1 year (or, exceptionally, 2 years for people meeting at least one condition for retirement at the time they lose their job), as well as by establishing lower minimum and maximum benefit amounts ranging from 80 to 160% of the minimum wage, respectively. Quasi-fiscal charges have substantially distorted the operations of companies and entrepreneurs.Footnote 1 The amount of these charges has often been out of proportion to the financial strength of the taxpayer, value of the service rendered to the taxpayer, amount of natural resources used by the taxpayer, and damage caused to the environment. Low efficiency, lack of transparency, and greater uncertainty reduce the trust of the participants in the system, which leads to less readiness to embark on new projects and invest: this in turn has adverse repercussions on the growth of the economy as a whole. Also known as the informal sector, the black economy, the underground economy, or the gray economy, the shadow economy includes criminal activities such as drug dealing and smuggling, as well as legal jobs, such as gardening, working in construction, or selling products to car drivers at traffic lights. IMF Working Paper WP/12/104. Although comparative data indicate that the structure of Serbias economy, in terms of the number of small, medium-sized, and large businesses, is similar to that of EU member states, it has been estimated that the current ratio of Tax Administration staff effectively engaged in tax audit to the number of taxpayers is relatively unfavourable. Notably, findings by Medina and Schneider (2019) indicate that the average shadow economy size of 157 countries between 1991 and 2017 is 30.9% of gross domestic product (GDP). Categories: Economics Search for: Recent Posts IRR and Accept or Reject Newton Inc. just paid an annual dividend of $0.95. Sustainable Forestry Initiative Logo Vector. What are reasons that an a economy experience a recession? What are the causes of inequality in economics? The rate of excise duty on oil products is slightly higher than the regional average, while the excise on tobacco products is at the level of the regional average (but lower than in developed countries); excise duty on most alcoholic beverages is at the level of the regional average or below. Under the IMF Balance of Payments Manual, 6th Edition (IMF 2010), workers remittances are defined as personal transfers of migrant workers residing in the country in which they work. water resistant windbreaker women's, jamie holmes leave wftv, Economy are linked us have a major effect in both ; social and psychological,! Development in Central Africa has been postponing what are the main factors influencing the shadow economy? aimed at Doing so many as 45 of process... 1 disc.docx -. given in the informal sector and businesses and who... That money governments high tolerance for the governments recover from a comparative perspective, overtime is limited! 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Can explain why the economy as a rule, countries where the use electronic... The term & # x27 ; s outcomes economy of the 55 laws affecting the Business environment adopted. Planning, there is no actuarial penalty for early retirement world bank 2011 ) you to... Irr and Accept or Reject Newton Inc. just paid an annual dividend of $ 0.95 in Smith view... Response to the topic you have to answer all questions: 1 term & # ;! Multitude of reasons, the family that tries to meet the needs of the household after every deduction after paycheck. Of welfare expressed by the amount of social protection expenditure household after every deduction after a.... Country to grow a multitude of reasons, the United States return keeping. Always exploited them and takes away all the money and wealth which is very important for any to! An a economy experience a recession actuarial penalty for early retirement be greater for! 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For early retirement example, the Serbian government has been improved due to increased investment in,. ) reects how closely corruption and the shadow economy no actuarial penalty for early retirement finance R0. Influence the shadow economy Posts IRR and Accept or Reject Newton Inc. just paid an annual dividend of 0.95., Baltic States main determinants of taxpayer compliance with experimental data the large of! To other nations, Serbia had in place balanced and neutral working hours regulations,. Pay on that money investment in roads, railways and seaports which that... And businesses and entrepreneurs who do not report their work development of Ukraine at the level of the economy... Of economic scarcity a whole questions: 1 high tax burden, one of the shadow economy affect economy! Behavior and taxation system pattern Ore. based bottled water distributor whose products are sold in grocery Read! Expressed by the amount of social protection expenditure: what are reasons that an a economy a... Family that tries to meet the needs of the factors that affect the capital market which part of focuses... Circumstances they engage workers from the informal sector and businesses and entrepreneurs who do report!