Thus Abbas was able to break dependence on the Qizilbash for military might indefinitely, and therefore was able to fully centralize control for the first time since the foundation of the Safavid state. Soleymn agreed to permit Safavid Shia pilgrims to make pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina as well as tombs of imams in Iraq and Arabia on condition that the shah would abolish the taburru, the cursing of the first three Rashidun caliphs. One of the most renowned Muslim philosophers, Mulla Sadra (1571-1640), lived during Shah Abbas I's reign and wrote the Asfar, a meditation on what he called "meta philosophy," which brought to a synthesis the philosophical mysticism of Sufism, the theology of Shi'ism, and the Peripatetic and Illuminationist philosophies of Avicenna and Suhrawardi Maqtul (1155-1191). They correctly identified the three key points to control all seaborne trade between Asia and Europe: The Gulf of Aden, The Persian Gulf and the Straits of Malacca by cutting off and controlling these strategic locations with high taxation. In between were nobles, rich merchants, and city people. "The Safavid Period". Mir Damad is considered the founder of this school. Safavids went on and conquered rest of . The Maratha Empire decided to attack the Mughal capitol of Delhi. [67] In the absence of a charismatic, messianic rallying figure like the young Ismail, the tribal leaders reclaimed their traditional prerogative and threatened to return to the time of local warlords. Martha's mother Theodorabetter known as Despina Khatun[43]was a Pontic Greek princess, the daughter of the Grand Komnenos John IV of Trebizond. This agreement concisted of five elements: land, water, plough-animals, seed and labour. [63] Furthermore, by the early 1510s Ismail's expansionistic policies had pushed the Safavid borders in Asia Minor even more westwards. The Safavids were descended from Sheikh af al-Dn (12531334) of Ardabl, head of the Sufi order of afaviyyeh (afawiyyah). RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Iran&oldid=1128652747, Shahsevans: these were 12,000 strong and built up from the small group of, Ghulams: Tahmasp I had started introducing huge amounts of, Musketeers: realizing the advantages that the Ottomans had because of their firearms, Shah Abbas was at pains to equip both the qurchi and the ghulam soldiers with up-to-date weaponry. The Common people were the lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted of farmers and herders. [89] Ismail had been imprisoned at Qahqaha since 1556 by his father on charges of plotting a coup, but his selection was ensured when 30,000 Qizilbash supporters demonstrated outside the prison. [76] Under the Peace, the Ottomans agreed to restore Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan to the Safavids and in turn would retain Mesopotamia (Iraq) and eastern Anatolia. But the reverse seems not to have been true. And since agriculture accounted for by far largest share of tax revenue, he took measures to expand it. [48] Although Ismil was defeated and his capital was captured, the Safavid empire survived. With the substantial new revenue, Abbas was able to build up a central, standing army, loyal only to him. "Greeks and Trkmens: The Pontic Exception", Peter Charanis. In 1559 Bayezid arrived in Iran where Tahmasp gave him a warm welcome. [187] To ensure transparency and avoid decisions being made that circumvented the Shah, a complex system of bureaucracy and departmental procedures had been put in place that prevented fraud. Increased contact with distant cultures in the seventeenth century, especially Europe, provided a boost of inspiration to Iranian artists who adopted modeling, foreshortening, spatial recession, and the medium of oil painting (Shah Abbas II sent Zaman to study in Rome). The Shirley brothers arrived in 1598 and helped reorganize the Iranian army, which proved to be crucial in the OttomanSafavid War (160318), which resulted in Ottoman defeats in all stages of the war and the first clear pitched Safavid victory of their archrivals. Later, during the Safavid and especially Qajar period, the Shii Ulema's power increased and they were able to exercise a role, independent of or compatible with the government. Blow; chapter: "English adventurers at the servise of Shah Abbas.". According to William Cleveland and Martin Bunton,[232] the establishment of Isfahan as the Great capital of Iran and the material splendor of the city attracted intellectual's from all corners of the world, which contributed to the city's rich cultural life. Furthermore, the Safavids maintained a sizeable sphere of influence overseas, particularly in the Deccan region of India. The founder of the dynasty, Shah Isma'il, adopted the title of "King of Iran" (Pdiah- rn), with its implicit notion of an Iranian state stretching from Khorasan as far as Euphrates, and from the Oxus to the southern Territories of the Persian Gulf. Second place was held by fencing, where the wrist had to be firm but flexible and movements agile. Stefan Sperl, C. Shackle, Nicholas Awde, "Qasida poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa", Brill Academic Pub; Set Only edition (February 1996), p. 193: "Like Shah Ni'mat Allah-i Vali he hosted distinguished visitors among them Ismail Safavi, who had proclaimed himself Shahanshah of Iran in 1501 after having taken Tabriz, the symbolic and political capital of Iran". But the reverse seems not to have been true. Abbas I built a new city next to the ancient Persian one. [242] As such, the status of medicine in the Safavid period did not change much, and relied as much on these works as ever before. Following the conquest of Iran, Ismail I made conversion mandatory for the largely Sunni population. His primary job was to appoint and supervise all the officials of the household and to be their contact with the Shah. Abbas was able to begin gradually transforming the empire from a tribal confederation to a modern imperial government by transferring provinces from mamalik (provincial) rule governed by a Qizilbash chief and the revenue of which mostly supported local Qizilbash administration and forces to khass (central) rule presided over by a court appointee and the revenue of which reverted to the court. Not taken care of accordingly, these were a serious threat to the ruler, or worse, could bring the fall of the former or could lead to unnecessary court intrigues. Geographical discoveries, in general, and bypassing the Cape of Good Hope, in particular, in South Africa, changed traditional trade routes in Iran's international trade. His tactics in dealing with the Ottoman threat eventually allowed for a treaty which preserved peace for twenty years. Tobacco grew all over the country and was as strong as that grown in Brazil. Blow, D.; Shah Abbas: The ruthless king who became an Iranian legend; p. 211. The primary court language [with Abbas I's reign (r. 15881629)] remained Turkish. By the time of the orders fourth leader, Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii. [153][154] In the OttomanIranian War (173035), he retook all territories lost by the Ottoman invasion of the 1720s, as well as beyond. [220][221] With the later end of the Portuguese Empire, the British, Dutch and French in particular gained easier access to Persian seaborne trade, although they, unlike the Portuguese, did not arrive as colonisers, but as merchant adventurers. [191] In addition to these, there were separate officials appointed for the caretaking of royal banquets and for entertainment. Blow, David; Shah Abbas: The ruthless king who became an Iranian legend, pp. The Qizilbash were a wide variety of Shii Muslims (ghult) and mostly Turcoman militant groups who helped found the Safavid Empire. Also, there were the quazi-religious fraternities called futuvva, which were run by local dervishes. The kingdom further extended its territory to include overseas lands that were acquired through declarations of loyalty to the Ottoman Sultan and caliph. Chardin specifically noticed the rank of doctors and astrologers and the respect that the Shahs had for them. Ismail I, despite his heterodox Shi'a beliefs, which were not compatible with orthodox Shi'ism (Momen, 1985) patronized Shi'a religious leaders, granting them land and money in return for loyalty. The consequences of the defeat at Chaldiran were also psychological for Ismil: the defeat destroyed Ismil's belief in his invincibility, based on his claimed divine status. Three bodies of troops were formed, all trained and armed in an early modern manner and paid out of the royal treasury: the ghulms (slaves), the tofangchs (musketeers), and the topchs (artillerymen). A third route was therefore devised which circumvented Ottoman territory. This form of Turkish was also the mother-tongue of Shah Abbas, although he was equally at ease speaking Persian. [29] The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by establishing Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Iran, as well as spreading Sha Islam in major parts of the Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus, Anatolia, the Persian Gulf, and Mesopotamia.[29][31]. The Safavid Empire, based in Persia (Iran), ruled over much of southwestern Asia from 1501 to 1736. Regarding the usage of Georgian, Circassian and Armenian at the Royal Court, David Blow states,[195]. This unique headdress represented the Shici ideology of the Safavid dynasty, with the twelve folds of the turban symbolizing the imams in Twelver Shiism. Between 1508 and 1524, the year of Ismail's death, the shah appointed five successive Persians to the office of vakil. [82], Tahmsp also planted the seeds that would, unintentionally, produce change much later. Shah Ismail I was the first of the Safavids to try to establish once again an alliance against the common Ottoman enemy through the earlier stages of the HabsburgPersian alliance, but this also proved to be largely unfruitful during his reign. It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia. Shah Abbss remarkable reign, with its striking military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. In response, a Ghilzai Afghan chieftain named Mirwais Hotak revolted and killed Gurgin Khan, the Safavid governor of the region, along with his army. This Bakhtrioni Uprising was successfully defeated under personal direction of Shah Abbas II himself. In cultural matters, Tahmsp presided the revival of the fine arts, which flourished under his patronage. Considered the founder of this school ) and mostly Turcoman militant groups helped... 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